Process Intensification of Unripe Plantain Peel UV-C-Assisted Hot-Air Drying Combined with Ultrasound and Oxalic Acid Pretreatments: Drying Kinetics, Microstructure, and Product Quality.

The agro-industrial valorization of unripe plantain peels through flour production represents a sustainable strategy for waste reduction and nutrient recovery. This study investigated the process intensification of plantain peel drying by evaluating the combined effects of UV-C-assisted hot-air drying with ultrasound and oxalic acid pretreatments. A 23 full factorial design was employed to evaluate the effects of UV-C lamp distance, ultrasound time and oxalic acid concentration on drying kinetics, effective moisture diffusivity, and the retention of bioactive compounds. The combination of the most intense levels of the pretreatments with a 9 cm distance between the radiation source and the sample achieved a 40.68% reduction in drying time compared to the control (without pretreatments). Among the mathematical models tested, the Logarithmic model provided the most accurate fit (R2 > 0.99), effectively describing the falling-rate period and mass transfer phenomena. Scanning electron microscopy revealed structural modifications, including microchannels and surface pores, consistent with enhanced moisture transport and increased effective moisture diffusivity. The accelerated drying kinetics also led to higher contents of bioactive compounds, including total phenolics, ascorbic acid, and carotenoids, while maintaining adequate water activity and color stability. These findings demonstrate the combined potential of UV-C radiation, ultrasound, and oxalic acid to intensify drying efficiency while improving the functional quality of unripe plantain peel flour.