Shatha Alyazouri, Muhammad Tawalbeh, Amani Al–Othman
Biofouling remains a critical challenge in bioelectrochemical cells (BECs), hindering their efficiency and performance. This research article reviews advances in biofouling mitigation techniques within BEC systems during the period from 2019 to 2025, focusing on membrane modifications and electro-assisted membrane technologies. Through comprehensive analysis, it is revealed that Nafion alternatives, including ceramic membranes and recycled nonwoven fabrics like polypropylene, have emerged as significant contenders due to their combination of low cost and high performance. Additionally, the incorporation of silver, zeolite, and graphene oxide onto membranes has demonstrated efficacy in mitigating biofouling under laboratory conditions. Furthermore, the application of direct current electric fields has shown potential as a chemical-free preventative measure against biofouling in BECs. However, challenges related to long-term stability, scalability, and cost-effectiveness must be addressed for widespread adoption.