Radiation-Aware Path Planning Framework for Mobile Robots in Dynamic Hazardous Environments.

This study presents a radiation-aware path planning framework for mobile robots operating in hazardous environments containing radiation sources, shielding structures, and moving obstacles. The proposed method integrates A*-based global planning, chaotic particle swarm optimization (CPSO)-based route refinement, B-Spline trajectory smoothing, and exposure-dependent speed adaptation within a unified dynamic planning architecture. The framework represents the radiation field as a physically parameterized dose-rate map in mSv/h by combining inverse-square source decay with line-of-sight material attenuation through shielding materials. Route generation is therefore evaluated in terms of cumulative absorbed dose, path length, mission time, trajectory roughness, computational cost, success rate, and dynamic obstacle interaction. The proposed method is compared with Pure A*, Informed RRT*, A*-PSO, A*-CPSO, and a risk-aware A*+DWA baseline under identical seed sets and computational budgets. In static scenarios, the proposed method reduced cumulative absorbed dose by approximately 33.3%, 47.2%, and 21.4% compared with Pure A* under low-, medium-, and high-risk conditions, respectively. In dynamic scenarios, the corresponding dose reductions were approximately 32.5%, 41.4%, and 40.1%. Additional ablation, sensitivity, statistical significance, and latency analyses were conducted to isolate the contribution of each component and evaluate computational feasibility. The results show that the proposed framework provides a balanced trade-off between absorbed dose reduction, trajectory feasibility, mission time, and online replanning performance under the tested simulation conditions.