Or Schubert, Maria Chiara Sighinolfi, F. Gavi, Enrico Panio, Simone Assumma, Antonio Silvestri, Giuseppe Pallotta, V. Cavarra, Pierluigi Russo, Nazario Foschi, Eros Scarciglia, Alessandro Posa, Alessandro Maresca, Gaetano Gulino, Alessandro Cina, Chiara Ciccarese, R. Iacovelli, Luca Tagliaferri, Roberto Iezzi, Bernardo Rocco
Minimally invasive ablative therapies have emerged as effective and safe alternate approach for the management of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), particularly in patients who are ineligible for surgery due to comorbidities or high operative risk. Techniques such as radiofrequency ablation (RFA), microwave ablation (MWA), cryoablation (CA), and high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) offer kidney-sparing treatment with reduced morbidity. Current evidence suggests that for cT1a tumors (<4 cm), thermal ablation achieves technical success rates exceeding 95%, with local recurrence rates ranging from 1% to 9% and major complication rates generally below 5-7%. RFA is particularly suitable for small peripheral tumors, MWA enables rapid and deeper heating for larger or more vascular lesions, and CA provides precise control near critical structures. HIFU remains largely experimental with limited clinical applicability. Overall, these strategies demonstrate favorable oncological outcomes, emphasizing the importance of careful patient selection, multidisciplinary evaluation, and further studies to refine technique-specific indications and integration with systemic therapies.