From Detection to Maps: A Review of Automated Urban Tree Mapping Using UAV and High-Resolution Satellite Data.

Urban tree mapping is necessary in environmental sustainability and climate change mitigation, and it depends heavily on the individual tree recognition and canopy segmentation to analyze city green cover. This systematic review discusses recent developments in the 2014-2026 mapping of these trees with the use of UAVs and high-resolution satellite imagery. Our preliminary selection of 4148 records reduced to 101 eligible publications following a systematic screening and synthesis of the records, assessed the efficiency of deep learning models such as Convolutional Neural Networks and Vision Transformers in processing various source images. We also compare object detection and semantic segmentation to see which one is more competent to deal with typical urban challenges, including overlapped canopies and building shadows. According to the reviewed studies, UAV-based models generally achieve higher spatial accuracy than satellite-based approaches for individual tree detection and crown delineation, with reported average Intersection over Union (IoU) values of approximately 70-75%, whereas satellite imagery provides superior spatial coverage for large-scale urban forest monitoring. Lastly, we present a research roadmap to address the existing weaknesses such as geographic bias, which propels the research direction towards multimodal data fusion and Foundation Models to sustain consistent, large-scale urban forest monitoring.