Basalt Fiber Composites: Structure, Properties, Sustainability, and Life Cycle Analysis

A review on the structure, properties, sustainability, and life cycle analysis of basalt fiber composites, emerging as a major sustainable alternative to traditional synthetic reinforcements such as glass and carbon fibers. Basalt fibers (BFs) are high-performance mineral fibers derived from volcanic rock with a high silica content. These fibers exhibit superior mechanical strength, excellent chemical resistance, and exceptional thermal stability across a broad temperature range. This review explores the multi-sectoral applications of basalt fibers, particularly within the energy and chemical industries. Specific focus is placed on their role as reinforcing agents in concrete and polymer matrix composites, where they provide enhanced durability and corrosion resistance. Central to this discussion is the environmental profile of basalt fibers. We evaluate recent life cycle assessments (LCAs) that compare the environmental gains of BF-reinforced structures. The analysis extends beyond environmental metrics to include the economic and social pillars of sustainability, highlighting basalt’s cost-effectiveness in corrosive environments and its safety as a non-carcinogenic material. This review concludes that basalt fibers offer a significant “green” advantage, encouraging wider industrial adoption.