Syringic Acid in Health and Disease: Mechanisms, Biological Activities, and Future Perspectives.

Regular consumption of dietary flavonoids and phenolic compounds has been associated with a reduced risk of disease development and progression. In this regard, syringic acid, a hydroxybenzoic acid, is present in fruits and vegetables and plays a vital role in disease prevention. It exhibits therapeutic potential for various chronic diseases through diverse molecular mechanisms, including modulation of cellular and molecular pathways, regulation of inflammation and oxidative stress responses, and maintenance of cellular and tissue architecture. In addition, syringic acid has been shown to modulate gene expression and enzyme activities associated with various chronic diseases. Moreover, preclinical studies, including both in vitro and in vivo investigations, have evidenced that it has significant hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and other beneficial effects. Furthermore, its role in synergistic studies aimed at increasing the efficacy of other compounds/drugs has also been reported. Advances in nanotechnology-based formulations have also improved their stability, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy, thereby expanding their potential biomedical applications. This review aimed to compile information on its sources, role in different pathogeneses, nanoformulations, and synergistic effects with other drugs. Despite its significant role in preclinical studies, further research is needed to optimize dosage regimens and mechanisms of action, develop novel delivery systems, and conduct comprehensive clinical studies to translate its potential into disease management.