Molecular Electrostatic Surface Potential: A Predictive Framework for Noncovalent Interactions and Adsorption Characteristics in Molecular Entities

The molecular electrostatic surface potential (MESP) has become a key theoretical tool for probing reactivity in chemical systems. It reveals electrophilic and nucleophilic regions on molecular surfaces, underpinning the understanding of noncovalent interactions such as hydrogen, triel, tetrel, pnictogen, chalcogen, halogen, matere, and aerogen bonding, among many others. These interactions, driven by Coulombic attraction, govern aggregation in molecular and supramolecular systems across solid, liquid, and gas phases. MESP applications span crystal engineering, polymers, biology, catalysis, photovoltaics, and drug discovery. While limitations exist-such as the arbitrariness in defining isodensity surfaces-its impact on advancing both theoretical and applied chemical research is substantial. This review outlines the conceptual foundations of MESP and highlights its broad relevance across the chemical sciences.