Mild-condition green synthesis of manganese nanoparticles for next-generation broad-spectrum antibacterial applications.

Environmentally benign fabrication of metal nanoparticles has gained considerable attention as a substitute for traditional physical and chemical synthesis methods due to its operational simplicity, low production cost, reduced environmental impact, and compatibility with biomedical applications. In this work, manganese nanoparticles (Mn NPs) were produced through a plant-mediated approach in which the plant extract functioned simultaneously as a reducing and capping agent. The synthesis was carried out under gentle reaction conditions without relying on hazardous reagents or energy-intensive procedures, emphasizing the green and sustainable character of the method. The resulting Mn NPs were thoroughly characterized using a range of analytical techniques that verified their successful formation, nanoscale dimensions, homogeneous morphology, and satisfactory colloidal stability. Their antibacterial performance was subsequently evaluated against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. The Mn NPs demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity by generating distinct inhibition zones against all tested bacteria. Among the bacterial isolates, Staphylococcus aureus exhibited the greatest susceptibility, with an inhibition zone of 17.50 ± 0.30 mm, together with a pronounced decrease in colony-forming units relative to the untreated control. These findings indicate that plant-derived Mn NPs possess significant antibacterial potential and represent a sustainable class of nanomaterials with promising applications in biomedical technologies, antimicrobial surface coatings, wound management, and environmental remediation. The study further supports plant-assisted synthesis as an efficient, eco-friendly, and practical route for producing biologically active manganese nanoparticles with considerable application potential.