Optimization and Comparative Evaluation of Green Extraction Techniques for Polyphenol Recovery from Aronia melanocarpa By-Products.

Due to its high content of bioactive constituents and associated health benefits, Aronia melanocarpa is considered a superfood, and its consumption has increased substantially in recent years. This growing demand has led to the generation of large quantities of processed by-products, which remain rich in valuable phytochemicals and require sustainable utilization. In this study, four extraction techniques-conventional solvent extraction (CSE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), pulsed electric field extraction (PEF), and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)-were comparatively evaluated and optimized for the recovery of bioactive compounds from aronia pomace. A second-order polynomial model (Fit Least Squares) was applied to determine the optimal conditions for each technique. The optimized extracts exhibited distinct phytochemical profiles: total polyphenol content reached 71.5 (UAE), 70.0 (CSE), 67.0 (PLE), and 48.0 (PEF) mg GAE/g dw, while total anthocyanins were 15.5 (UAE), 13.0 (CSE), 11.0 (PEF), and 3.5 (PLE) mg CyE/g dw. Antioxidant capacity ranged from 538.0 to 800.0 µmol AAE/g dw (FRAP) and 17.0 to 39.0 mmol AAE/g dw (DPPH). HPLC analysis confirmed cyanidin-3-O-glucoside as the predominant compound, with concentrations of 5.0 (UAE), 4.6 (CSE), 3.2 (PEF), and 0.8 mg/g dw (PLE). Overall, ultrasound-assisted extraction under optimal conditions provided the highest recovery of bioactive constituents, highlighting its suitability for the valorization of aronia by-products.