Mechanisms of Asphaltene–Resin–Paraffin Deposit Formation and Prevention in Oil Production: From Physicochemical Processes to Inhibition and Delivery Strategies

Asphaltene–resin–paraffin deposits (ARPDs) represent one of the most complex flow assurance challenges in oil production, particularly under late-stage reservoir development conditions characterized by pressure depletion, temperature gradients, multiphase flow, and compositional changes. Despite extensive industrial experience, ARPD control strategies are often applied empirically, without explicit linkage to the underlying physicochemical mechanisms governing deposit formation. This review presents a comprehensive and mechanism-oriented analysis of ARPD formation and mitigation in a reservoir–wellbore system. The multicomponent composition, structural heterogeneity, and interfacial activity of paraffins, resins, and asphaltenes are examined alongside thermodynamic, hydrodynamic, and operational factors controlling precipitation, transport, adhesion, and deposit growth. Particular attention is paid to the correspondence between ARPD formation stages and applicable prevention or removal technologies. The analysis demonstrates that preventive strategies targeting early-stage physicochemical processes are fundamentally more effective than post-formation removal methods. The mechanisms of inhibitor action—adsorption, desorption, and dissolution—are shown to operate in a complementary manner, while delivery efficiency is strongly influenced by spatial distribution and retention in the formation. Advanced delivery technologies, including microencapsulation and nanocarrier-based systems, provide enhanced control over inhibitor release and persistence under complex reservoir conditions. Overall, this review establishes an integrated framework linking crude oil properties, formation mechanisms, inhibition chemistry, and delivery technologies, providing a rational basis for designing adaptive and efficient ARPD mitigation strategies in modern oil production systems.