Deliberative–Polycentric Governance for the Energy Transition Trilemma: The Case of Heat Pumps

This study explores the potential of deliberative and polycentric governance models to address the complex challenges of the energy transition trilemma, balancing energy security, environmental sustainability, and energy equity. The article aims to develop an integrated deliberative–polycentric framework for managing the energy transition trilemma and to illustrate its implementation relevance through an applied example of heat pump deployment. The analysis primarily draws on evidence and examples from Europe and the United States, reflecting the regions most frequently discussed in the reviewed literature and policy materials. Drawing on an extensive literature review and desk-based analysis, the research adopts a non-empirical, theory-building approach grounded in interpretive policy analysis. The study synthesizes insights from scholarly works and policy documents to construct an integrated analytical framework. It argues that hybrid governance, merging the inclusivity and transparency of deliberative democracy with the flexibility and redundancy of polycentric systems—can enhance legitimacy, adaptability, and effectiveness in energy policymaking. Through thematic synthesis, key governance principles are identified, including multilevel coordination, stakeholder participation, transparency, and justice. The findings highlight that the synergy between deliberation and polycentricity offers a promising path toward more resilient, participatory, and just energy systems, while acknowledging the implementation challenges of such models.