Polarization and Segmentation of Public Attitudes Toward Renewable Energy: A Cluster Analysis of Polish Consumers

Public attitudes toward renewable energy sources (RES) have been widely studied at the household level. However, less is known about how citizens differ in their broader perceptions, knowledge, and behavioral orientations toward renewable energy. This study explores such heterogeneity within Polish society using survey data from a representative sample of 974 respondents. An exploratory factor analysis identified six dimensions of renewable energy attitudes: environmental concern, knowledge and awareness, social and economic support, perceived ease of use, perceived benefits, and behavioral intentions. Using these attitudinal dimensions, cluster analysis revealed two distinct consumer segments that differ in their overall level of engagement with renewable energy. The first cluster comprises pro-green and engaged individuals who express strong concern for environmental issues, have a greater awareness of the benefits of renewable energy, and are more ready to adopt such technologies. The second cluster represents respondents who are less engaged or skeptical, with weaker environmental and behavioral commitment. The comparison of sociodemographic characteristics across clusters showed no statistically significant differences in gender, age, education, or place of residence, and only a marginal effect for income. The findings suggest that support for renewable energy in Poland is not driven by demographics but somewhat shaped by cognitive and value-based factors, offering valuable insights for policymakers and communication strategists promoting the energy transition.