Mladen Bošnjaković, Róbert Sánta, Jelena Topić Božič, Simon Muhič
This Vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) are emerging as promising alternatives to conventional horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWTs) for renewable energy generation, particularly in urban and offshore environments. Despite increasing interest, a comprehensive evaluation of their technical, economic, and environmental performance remains limited. This review, based on a targeted literature search, critically evaluates and compares the performance, economic viability, environmental impact, technological advancements, and adoption barriers of VAWTs and HAWTs. VAWTs demonstrate lower aerodynamic efficiency (20–35%) and capacity factors (20–35%) compared to HAWTs (efficiency 40–50%, capacity factors 30–45%), yet offer advantages such as omnidirectional wind capture, simpler ground-level maintenance, lower noise emissions, reduced avian impact, and greater feasibility for space-constrained urban settings. Economic analyses indicate that VAWTs typically have higher levelized costs of energy (60–80 EUR/MWh) than HAWTs (40–60 EUR/MWh), although these are partially offset by reduced operational costs. Environmental assessments favor VAWTs in terms of land use, biodiversity impact, and water consumption. Technological progress, including AI-based aerodynamic optimization, hybrid rotor designs, advanced composite materials, and Maglev bearings, has enhanced the competitiveness of VAWTs. The main adoption challenges are lower power output, scalability constraints, and lack of support from policymakers. While HAWTs remain dominant in large-scale wind energy production due to superior aerodynamic performance and economies of scale, VAWTs offer significant benefits for decentralized, urban, and offshore applications where installation flexibility, noise, and environmental considerations are critical. Continued innovation and more policy support could increase VAWT market penetration and contribute to more diversified, sustainable energy portfolios.