Artificial Intelligence in the Analysis of Energy Consumption of Electric Vehicles

In the analysis of electric vehicle (EV) energy consumption, three main approaches are commonly used: physics-based models, artificial intelligence (AI) models, and hybrid frameworks that combine both. This combination enables more accurate estimations of EV energy consumption under diverse operating conditions, while also supporting applications in eco-driving, route planning, and urban energy management. Accurate analysis and prediction of EV energy consumption are critical for vehicle design, route planning, grid integration, and range anxiety. Recent advances in AI, notably machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), enable data-driven models that capture complex interactions among driving behavior, vehicle characteristics, road topology, traffic, and environmental conditions. This paper reviews the state of the art and presents a structured methodology for building, validating, and deploying AI models for EV energy consumption and efficiency analysis. Features, model architectures, performance metrics, explainability techniques, and system-level applications are discussed.