Sushmita Baral, Ingrid Lande, Dmitry Vysochinskiy
Three-dimensional printed concrete (3DPC) has received growing attention as digital fabrication technologies continue to influence construction workflows. This study presents a systematic review of research published between 2015 and 2026, following PRISMA guidelines. Based on the reviewed literature, six opportunity categories and six challenge categories were identified. The opportunities include design optimization, construction speed, materials innovation, labor reduction, remote area construction, and circular economy. The findings show that material innovation is the most extensively researched category; a substantial proportion of the literature focuses on materials, rheology, printability, and structural behavior, reflecting an emphasis on improving fresh-state properties, interlayer bonding, and mechanical performance. The second most researched opportunity is design optimization, followed by the circular economy. Research in the remaining three categories of construction speed, labor reduction, and remote area construction appears to be limited. The main challenges identified include reinforcement integration, structural performance, mixing and curing, high equipment costs, durability, and the lack of standards. High equipment costs and the lack of standards appear to be the least researched challenges, while the four remaining challenge categories are actively addressed by the research community.