Ali Bokhari, Khuloud Ali
Buildings in warm–humid and hot–arid coastal climates experience continuous cooling demand due to high solar radiation, humidity, and extended cooling seasons. Reducing operational energy use and carbon emissions through improved early-stage design is therefore essential. This study investigates a simulation-based evolutionary optimization framework to evaluate energy-efficient design strategies for residential buildings across representative warm–humid and hot–arid climates. A prototype residential building was modeled in DesignBuilder using EnergyPlus and evaluated across four locations: Singapore, Miami, Rio de Janeiro, and Jeddah. Key variables included the window-to-wall ratio, glazing type, wall and roof constructions, cooling setpoint, and HVAC system configuration. An evolutionary search process based on the NSGA-II algorithm was applied to systematically explore high-performing building configurations using energy use intensity (EUI) and operational carbon indicators. The results indicate a consistent tendency toward boundary values within the defined parameter ranges. The window-to-wall ratios consistently approached the minimum tested value (20%), while the cooling setpoints approached the upper bound (26 °C) within the defined parameter ranges. This behavior highlights the influence of solar gains and operational temperature settings on cooling demand. Low-emissivity glazing and insulated envelope assemblies were frequently associated with improved performance. Miami achieved the lowest EUI among the high-performing configurations (75.08 kWh/m2·yr; 27.55 kgCO2/m2·yr), while other locations showed higher demand due to climatic conditions. These findings emphasize the importance of parameter range selection and demonstrate the effectiveness of simulation-based evolutionary search methods in identifying high-performing configurations within defined constraints.