Integrating Eco-Design and a Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) System for Achieving Net Zero Energy Building for a Hot–Dry Climate

Despite growing interest in positive-energy and net-zero-energy buildings (NZEBs), few studies have addressed the integration of biobased construction with building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) under hot–dry climate conditions, particularly in Morocco and North Africa. This study fills this gap by presenting a simulation-based evaluation of energy performance and renewable energy integration strategies for a residential building in the Fes-Meknes region. Two structural configurations were compared using dynamic energy simulations in DesignBuilder/EnergyPlus, that is, a conventional concrete brick model and an eco-constructed alternative based on biobased wooden materials. Thus, the wooden construction reduced annual energy consumption by 33.3% and operational CO2 emissions by 50% due to enhanced thermal insulation and moisture-regulating properties. Then multiple configurations of the solar energy systems were analysed, and an optimal hybrid off-grid hybrid system combining rooftop photovoltaic, BIPV, and lithium-ion battery storage achieved a 100% renewable energy fraction with an annual output of 12,390 kWh. While the system incurs a higher net present cost of $45,708 USD, it ensures full grid independence, lowers the electricity cost to $0.70/kWh, and improves occupant comfort. The novelty of this work lies in its integrated approach, which combines biobased construction, lifecycle-informed energy modelling, and HOMER-optimised PV/BIPV systems tailored to a hot, dry climate. The study provides a replicable framework for designing NZEBs in Morocco and similar arid regions, supporting the low-carbon transition and informing policy, planning, and sustainable construction strategies.