Gerardo Grasso
Filamentous fungi are increasingly recognized as versatile biological platforms for the development of advanced (bio)sensing technologies, owing to their extensive secretory capacity, material-forming ability, and intrinsic bioelectrical activity. This review critically surveys recent progress in fungal-based sensing within a multiscale framework spanning molecular, material, computational, and ecological domains, with particular emphasis on developments reported over the past five years. Key advances involving secretome-derived biomolecules, mycogenic nanomaterials, mycelium-based living materials, and fungal electrophysiology are discussed alongside emerging approaches for environmental monitoring that integrate sensor networks, imaging platforms, and data-driven analytics. Collectively, these works demonstrate that fungal systems can enhance biosensor sensitivity, selectivity, and sustainability, while enabling unconventional paradigms of signal transduction, material-integrated sensing, and biologically mediated computation. At larger spatial and temporal scales, mycelial growth dynamics and electrical activity provide measurable responses to mechanical, chemical, and environmental perturbations, supporting early applications in wearable devices, structural materials, and ecosystem monitoring. Despite significant progress, challenges remain in reproducibility, long-term stability, mechanistic understanding, and scalable device integration. Overall, the evidence reviewed highlights filamentous fungi as biologically adaptive and ecologically embedded systems with substantial potential to support next-generation (bio)sensing technologies, while underscoring the need for integrative approaches that combine biological insight with materials science, electronics, and artificial intelligence.