Noa Fine-Shamir, Avital Beig, Arik Dahan
Developing effective oral formulations for poorly soluble anticancer drugs remains a major pharmaceutical challenge due to the combined limitations of solubility, permeability, and efflux transporter activity. In this work, we investigated the influence of the nonionic surfactants Cremophor EL, Pluronic P-85, and Pluronic F-68 on the solubility and intestinal permeability of the anticancer drug etoposide. All surfactants significantly increased etoposide aqueous solubility. While in vitro permeability across an artificial membrane demonstrated the expected solubility-permeability tradeoff, in vivo SPIP studies in rats revealed a distinctive solubility-permeability interplay for Cremophor EL and Pluronic P-85, which simultaneously enhanced solubility and permeability, likely through P-gp inhibition. In contrast, Pluronic F-68 exhibited the classical solubility-permeability tradeoff, consistent with its reported negligible P-gp inhibitory activity. Mechanistic analysis indicated that surfactant hydrophobicity and molecular weight critically influence P-gp inhibition via ATPase modulation. Surfactants with higher hydrophobicity and moderate molecular weight can integrate into the phospholipid bilayer, enabling direct interaction with P-gp and disruption of its ATPase function. These findings provide strategic insights for the rational design of oral formulations capable of overcoming the solubility-permeability tradeoff, improving the bioavailability of challenging anticancer drugs, and may facilitate the transition from intravenous to oral chemotherapy.