MEOX2: a homeobox transcription factor with multifaceted biological functions and broad disease associations.

The mesenchymal homeobox transcription factor MEOX2 is recognized for its roles in development and homeostasis, but the full landscape of its complex and often contradictory functions in human diseases, along with its potential unifying regulatory logic, remains to be systematically elucidated. This Review synthesizes current evidence to provide a comprehensive overview of MEOX2's widespread roles in both neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases. MEOX2 is remarkably context-dependent: it acts as an oncogene in glioblastoma and lung cancer, but as a tumour suppressor in breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma and other tumour types. Its dysregulation is also linked to neurovascular deficits in Alzheimer disease (AD), cardiovascular disorders, metabolic fibrosis and developmental malformations. This functional versatility stems from MEOX2's role as a key signalling integrator, subject to fine-tuned regulation by epigenetic mechanisms, non-coding RNA networks and core pathways including PI3K/AKT, ERK and Hedgehog (Hh). Given the strong association between MEOX2 expression and clinical outcomes, it has emerged as a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for several diseases. Intervention strategies targeting MEOX2 and its regulatory networks show translational promise. This Review proposes a conceptual framework placing MEOX2 as a 'cross-disease core regulatory node', systematically delineates its complex disease associations and molecular mechanisms, and charts a course for the future development of precision medicine strategies targeting MEOX2.