Paeonol and Its Metabolites Alleviate LPS/D-GalN-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice: Potential Involvement of NDUFS7 and Macrophage Mitochondrial Function.

Acute liver injury (ALI) is a severe clinical syndrome characterized by systemic inflammation and mitochondrial oxidative stress. This study investigated the hepatoprotective effects of paeonol (PA) in LPS/D-GalN-induced ALI and explored the potential involvement of macrophage mitochondrial function and NDUFS7. Proteomic analysis showed that the expression of mitochondrial respiratory chain-related proteins was suppressed in the liver of ALI mice, while PA treatment was associated with increased expression of several of these proteins. Integrated metabolomic analysis further indicated that PA modulated metabolites associated with energy metabolism and redox processes. In vitro experiments suggested that inflammatory RAW264.7 macrophages contributed to hepatocyte injury, whereas PA attenuated inflammatory responses and reduced macrophage-mediated injury to AML12 cells. In RAW264.7 cells, PA attenuated ROS accumulation and modulated multiple mitochondrial functional parameters, including mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP levels, the NAD+/NADH ratio, and complex I activity. Metabolic studies in human liver microsomes and primary human hepatocytes identified three major PA glucuronide metabolite products with five possible structural assignments. Molecular docking and microscale thermophoresis further indicated that several proposed PA metabolite structures exhibited more favorable predicted interactions and stronger binding to recombinant NDUFS7 than the parent PA. Collectively, these findings support the hepatoprotective effects of PA and its modulation of macrophage mitochondrial function, as well as the potential involvement of PA metabolites and NDUFS7, while further functional validation is required to establish their causal roles.