Ultrasound-Assisted Ternary Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction of Total Flavonoids from Artemisia argyi: GA-ANN Optimization, Greenness Assessment, and In Vitro Bioactivity Evaluation.

Total flavonoids (TF) from Artemisia argyi, a traditional edible-medicinal Asteraceae herb, were extracted via a food-grade ternary deep eutectic solvent (TDES, Glycerol/Levulinic Acid/Xylitol = 1:1:1 molar ratio, 30% w/w water) under ultrasound assistance. A hybrid response surface methodology-genetic algorithm-artificial neural network (RSM-GA-ANN) model optimized parameters to deliver a maximum TF yield of 107.7 mg/g-1.5-1.8-fold higher than conventional hydroalcoholic extraction. Greenness was quantified by AGREEprep (score = 0.70) and MoGAPI (score = 80/100), confirming the method's sustainability, with TDES retaining >84% extraction efficiency over three reuse cycles. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed TDES forms a more stable hydrogen bond network with plant cell walls (average H-bond lifetime: 101.279 ps vs. 46.698 ps for 50% ethanol), a finding validated by density functional theory calculations showing TDES establishes 7-9 hydrogen bonds with cellobiose (the cellulose repeating unit), far exceeding ethanol's 1-2 hydrogen bonds. Purified TF exhibited potent radical-scavenging activity (DPPH IC50: 0.176 mg/mL; ABTS IC50: 0.159 mg/mL) and multipotent enzyme inhibition (α-glucosidase IC50: 55.31 μg/mL; acetylcholinesterase IC50: 0.618 mg/mL; pancreatic lipase IC50: 0.125 mg/mL). TF also suppressed HCT116, A549, and HepG2 proliferation (IC50 ≈ 50 μg/mL) and protected HepG2 cells against H2O2-induced oxidative damage. As an in silico probe, the predominant quantified flavonoid eupatilin (3.64 mg/g) docked to xanthine oxidase (-7.78 kcal/mol vs. allopurinol -6.86), offering a structural hypothesis for XO interaction without attributing mixture bioactivity to a single compound. This TDES-based platform offers a scalable, green route to valorize A. argyi for functional food and nutraceutical applications.