Weihan Shao, Xingwei Cai, Tao Dinh Nguyen, E Zhang
The northern margin of the East Asian tropics harbors exceptional endemism, yet its freshwater fish fauna remains poorly characterized. Tachysurus virgatus, long considered a single widespread species in this region, exemplifies this taxonomic gap. Through integrative taxonomic analyses combining morphological and molecular evidence, we uncovered remarkable cryptic diversity within this species. Phylogenetic reconstructions reveal that true T. virgatus is restricted to the Wanquan River basin on Hainan Island, whereas nine additional lineages from other drainages represent previously unrecognized species described in this study. Together with two known congeners (T. spilotus and T. kyphus), these form the monophyletic T. virgatus species group for which we provide morphological diagnoses. Pronounced incongruence between morphological and molecular divergence characterizes this group, underscoring the necessity of integrative approaches for species delimitation in morphologically conserved lineages. Moreover, distinct habitat specialization patterns were identified within the group, with species exhibiting adaptations to three ecological niches: mainstem river, montane streams, and generalist habitats occupying both. Correlations between habitat preferences and functional morphology were preliminarily discussed. Using our revised taxonomic framework, we evaluated the conservation status of all species under IUCN Red List criteria, with several newly described taxa warranting threatened status due to extremely limited distributions. This study highlights the pervasive cryptic diversity of freshwater fishes in the north margin of East Asian tropics and emphasizes the critical importance of rigorous taxonomic resolution to guide effective conservation in this biogeographically complex region.