Nitrate Toxicity in Ruminant Production Systems.

Nitrate toxicity remains a significant concern in ruminant livestock production, especially under conditions of high nitrogen fertilization or environmental stress that promote nitrate accumulation in forage. This review explores the physiological, environmental, and management factors influencing nitrate uptake in plants and its conversion in the rumen. The authors highlight variability in plant species, forage types, and feeding systems, along with inconsistencies in toxicity thresholds and management recommendations. This review examined differences in species susceptibility, ruminal microbial efficiency, and the need for practical, evidence-based strategies. Finally, this review emphasizes the need for continued research to develop consistent guidelines and improve nitrate management in modern cattle systems.