Seasonal Trade-Offs and Synergies Between Food Resources and Solar Radiation Shape Altitudinal Ranging in Black-and-White Snub-Nosed Monkeys.

High-altitude animals rely on vertical spatial adaptation to cope with harsh environments, yet the underlying drivers of their seasonal altitudinal distribution remain poorly understood. This study investigated how solar radiation, seasonal high-quality food resources and stable foods shape the altitudinal distribution of the highest-altitude primate Rhinopithecus bieti, to uncover its survival strategies. Through systematic environmental data collection and three-year field tracking of a wild group in the Lasha Mountains, northwest Yunnan, China, we identified consistent seasonal patterns: spring in low-altitude habitats, summer at highest elevations, and intermediate ranges during autumn/winter. Statistical modeling revealed seasonally shifting environmental dependencies. Summer showed no resource limitations, while autumn introduced solar exposure and mature leaves as positive synergistic factors (50% model explanatory power). Winter exhibited peak environmental pressure (80%), with solar and buds becoming critical, though revealing a trade-off between foraging and thermoregulation. Spring demonstrated the strongest environmental coupling (86%), where solar and high-quality food showed significant positive synergy, enabling physical recovery. The species displays remarkable ecological plasticity, with solar being the core cold-season driver. The winter-to-spring transition from resource trade-off to synergy reflects dynamic behavioral adaptations to seasonal climate and nutritional bottlenecks, offering new insights into primate survival strategies in extreme environments.