Climate Change and Abiotic Stress in Fruit Trees: Mechanisms and Adaptive Responses

This paper analyses the impact of climate change on fruit species, synthesizing evidence of how abiotic stresses—such as extreme temperatures, drought, salinity, and water fluctuations—influence the physiology, metabolism, phenology, and productivity of fruit trees. It examines both direct effects on flowering, fruit set, growth, and quality, as well as indirect impacts on nutrient availability, soil health, and vulnerability to pests and diseases. The article highlights the role of hormones and secondary metabolites in mediating stress responses, alongside the critical importance of cellular and antioxidant protection mechanisms. Adaptive strategies across physiological, biochemical, molecular, and agronomic levels are discussed, including the selection of tolerant varieties and rootstocks, irrigation adjustments, microclimatic management, and the use of biotechnological approaches and biostimulants to enhance fruit resilience and quality. In conclusion, the article underscores the necessity of an integrated approach to ensure the sustainability and productivity of orchards in the face of climate change.