Jie Fang, Wentao Shi, Yang Zhang, Minghua Wang, Yushu He, Zhen Xu
Aviation heavy-fuel piston engines are widely used in UAVs, general aviation, and military platforms due to their fuel efficiency and adaptability. However, emissions of NOx, PM, and other pollutants pose significant environmental challenges. This paper reviews emission-reduction strategies, including combustion-chamber optimization, fuel-injection control, alternative fuels, and exhaust after-treatment technologies. Research indicates that optimizing combustion-chamber geometry, high-pressure common-rail injection, and turbulence enhancement improve combustion efficiency and reduce emissions. Biofuels, synthetic aviation fuels (SAF), and hydrogen-based fuels demonstrate strong potential for low-carbon emissions, while after-treatment technologies such as SCR, DPF, and EGR effectively mitigate NOx and PM emissions. Despite technological advancements, challenges remain in balancing combustion efficiency with NOx control and ensuring compatibility between EGR and combustion stability. Future advancements in intelligent combustion control, novel catalytic materials, low-temperature combustion, and high-efficiency after-treatment systems will drive aviation diesel engines toward lower emissions, higher efficiency, and greater intelligence, contributing to the green and sustainable transformation of aviation propulsion systems.