Pattern and Outcome of Congenital Anomalies Seen in the Newborn Unit of a Tertiary Hospital in North-East Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Congenital anomalies (CAs) are structural, functional, or metabolic abnormalities present at birth and are major contributors to foetal loss, neonatal morbidity, and mortality. Their occurrence is influenced by genetic and environmental factors, and their prevalence varies across regions. This study determined the proportion, pattern, and outcomes of congenital anomalies among neonates admitted to Modibbo Adama University Teaching Hospital, Yola. METHODOLOGY: A five-year retrospective review (January 2021-December 2025) of neonates with congenital anomalies admitted to the newborn unit of a tertiary hospital in North-East Nigeria was conducted. Data on neonatal and maternal characteristics, types of congenital anomalies, and treatment outcomes were extracted from medical records and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics summarized the data, while Chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression identified factors associated with neonatal mortality. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Of 5,116 neonatal admissions, 581 (11.4%) had congenital anomalies, and 520 with complete records were included in the analysis. Males accounted for 60.2% of cases (male-to-female ratio 1.5:1). Gastrointestinal anomalies were the most common (55.0%), followed by central nervous system anomalies (28.5%). Spina bifida (22.3%) and anorectal malformation (17.1%) were the leading specific anomalies. Overall, 58.1% of neonates were discharged, 26.9% died, and 15.0% were discharged against medical advice. CONCLUSION: Congenital anomalies constitute a substantial burden among neonatal admissions in our setting and are associated with high mortality. Strengthening antenatal care, promoting early diagnosis, ensuring timely referral, and improving access to specialized neonatal and surgical services are essential to improving outcomes.