Supply chain risks in agri-food systems: a comprehensive review of economic vulnerabilities and mitigation approaches

The global agri-food system (AFS) is increasingly vulnerable to a complex web of economic, environmental, and geopolitical disruptions. This review paper critically examines the economic vulnerabilities embedded within agri-food supply chain (AFSC), focusing particularly on smallholder farmers, export-oriented economies, and the broader risks associated with globalization. Drawing on recent crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia–Ukraine conflict, the paper explores how systemic shocks disrupt production, distribution, and consumption, leading to increased food insecurity, especially in the Global South. Key issues include limited financial access, infrastructural deficits, digital exclusion, and food price volatility. The paper highlights a range of mitigation strategies, including policy reform, digital technology adoption (e.g., blockchain, internet of things), local food system strengthening, financial risk transfer instruments, and collaborative capacity building. Through global case studies and critical analysis, the paper identifies persistent research gaps—particularly regarding informal food systems and the contextual adaptability of technological innovations. It calls for interdisciplinary approaches and multi-stakeholder cooperation to foster resilient, inclusive, and sustainable AFSs capable of withstanding future shocks. Moreover, this paper advances key Sustainable Development Goals by protecting smallholder livelihoods (SDG 1 and 2), promoting digital agriculture and infrastructure (SDG 9), improving supply chain transparency (SDG 12), and addressing climate risks with adaptive strategies (SDG 13). It lays a foundation for resilient and sustainable AFSs through policy and innovation.