Patient and dental practitioner acceptance of artificial intelligence in dental care: a cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia's eastern province

Introduction Artificial Intelligence (AI) is steadily emerging in dental health care field, yet successful implementation depends on stakeholder acceptance. Few studies have directly compared patient and dental practitioner perceptions within the same cultural and healthcare context. Objective This study aimed to describe and compare awareness and acceptance of AI in dental care among patients and practitioners in Saudi Arabia's eastern province, and to explore associations with key demographic and professional characteristics identifying factors influencing its adoption. Methods A cross-sectional self-completed questionnaire survey for patients and dental practitioners in the Eastern Province (Saudi Arabia) was conducted. Data was collected from patients and public communities who were willing to participate in the questionnaire. The final questionnaire was provided in English and Arabic versions. It was composed of 5 sections including 38 questions. The questions analyzed the participants’ demographic data, evaluation of technical affinity, awareness of AI usage, perception of different aspects of AI in dental healthcare, and concerns related to AI. The validated questionnaire assessed demographics, technical affinity, AI awareness, usage, perception, and concerns. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal–Wallis test, and correlation analysis. Results Awareness of AI was remarkably high (>90%) across all demographics. AI usage was significantly higher among younger participants and males ( p < 0.05). Patients expressed generally positive perceptions (mean scores 3.3–4.1) but strongly emphasized that dental practitioners must retain final diagnostic and treatment authority (mean = 4.0 ± 1.05). Among practitioners, formal AI training was significantly associated with higher perceived decision-making accuracy ( p = 0.019), patient satisfaction ( p = 0.017), and clinical outcomes ( p = 0.012). Conclusion This study reveals a positive but cautious attitude toward AI in dentistry, where patients prioritize data privacy and the human touch, while practitioners advocate for a “human-in-the-loop” model that preserves clinical authority. Formal AI training was associated with higher perceived scores among dental practitioners highlighting the potential value of educational initiatives in fostering AI adoption. Bridging this perception gap requires a holistic strategy integrating comprehensive ethical frameworks, targeted education, and a strong commitment to human-centered care.