Breastfeeding vs. formula feeding on maternal oral health: periodontal and microbiological changes in the postpartum period: an observational longitudinal study

Introduction Breastfeeding is widely recognized for its benefits to infant health, yet its potential effects on maternal oral health are rarely addressed. Methods This observational longitudinal study evaluated 90 postpartum period mothers, divided into breastfeeding ( n = 55) and formula-feeding ( n = 35) groups, assessing periodontal and microbiological parameters at baseline postpartum (T0), 15 ± 2 days (T1), 40 ± 3 days (T2), and six months postpartum (T3). All participants received standardized oral hygiene education. Results While both groups improved initially, formula-feeding mothers showed progressive improvement through 6 months. In breastfeeding mothers, GBI (bleeding index) increased again at T3 vs. T2, whereas PI (plaque index) returned to T1 levels and S. mutans and Lactobacilli decreased by T3; however, at T3 the BF (breastfeeding) group still showed higher PI/GBI and cariogenic bacteria than FF (formula feeding). Discussion These results suggest that the cumulative physical and psychological strain associated with breastfeeding may be associated with reduced oral-hygiene adherence, showing an association with maternal oral health. Targeted oral prevention strategies and inclusion of maternal dental monitoring in perinatal care protocols may help mitigate these risks without compromising the recognized benefits of breastfeeding.