Physiological restorative benefits of different types of urban green spaces: a threshold model approach

Introduction: As urbanization accelerates, understanding the specific health benefits of green spaces is crucial. This study investigates the physiological restorative effects of Urban Parks (UP), Remnant Forests (RF), and Wetland Parks (WP). Methods: We employed a novel physiological health effects (PHE) threshold model and EEG data to analyze participant responses to short-term exposure in these environments, establishing efficiency and benefit thresholds. Results: While all types provided benefits, they exhibited distinct patterns. UP demonstrated the most rapid and stable physiological stress reduction. Conversely, RF and WP elicited heightened physiological alertness (likely due to dense vegetation) but were subjectively perceived as having higher restorative potential due to biodiversity. Discussion: The study highlights a divergence between objective physiological recovery and subjective psychological preference. We conclude that urban planning must incorporate both ecological and sensory dimensions to maximize public health benefits across different green space types.