Factors Associated with Risky Online Behaviour and Lifetime Online Victimization Among Children and Adolescents in Juba: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Africa's rapid digital transition has increased children's online risk exposure, yet evidence from fragile states is lacking. This study examines Risky Online Behaviours (ROB) and victimization among children in Juba, South Sudan, a post-conflict setting with uneven connectivity, systemic challenges, and scarce mental health resources, heightening trauma potential. METHODS: A cross-sectional household survey of 528 children aged 8-17 years in Juba used purposive sampling and face-to-face interviews. ROB was a composite binary measure of five interpersonal behaviours. Lifetime online victimization covered harassment, bullying, or abuse. Analysis employed descriptive statistics, univariable and multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Prevalence was high: 69% engaged in at least one ROB, and 23% reported lifetime online victimization. Analyses confirmed a strong bidirectional relationship between ROB and online victimization and vice versa. Key predictors included higher education (secondary students, UOR: 7.66; p < 0.001; CI: 4.09-14.34; AOR: 6.45; p < 0.001; CI: 3.15-13.20 for ROB) and male gender. Educational internet use was protective (UOR: 0.44; p < 0.001; CI: 0.29-0.67; AOR: 0.44; p < 0.001; CI: 0.27-0.70 for lifetime online victimization), while moderate daily use of the internet (1-5 h) increased odds (AOR = 1.63) of lifetime online victimization. CONCLUSION: This study provides first empirical evidence of extensive online risks for children in South Sudan, revealing a harmful cycle between behaviour and victimization. Findings urge context-specific, evidence-based interventions informed by the African Union Child Online Safety Policy. Priorities include school-based programs at key transitions, promoting positive digital engagement, and trauma-informed support in vulnerable, digitally evolving settings.