Intermittent versus continuous drought: chlorophyll a fluorescence reveals photosystem resilience in tomato

Introduction Recurrent drought threatens Mediterranean tomato yields, yet how the time-scale of drought shapes photochemical tolerance remains unclear. Methods We evaluated six genotypes, three commercial cultivars (‘Sintonía’, ‘Marejada’, ‘Valenciano’) and three Mediterranean landraces (‘82’, ‘264’, ‘260’, under greenhouse conditions. Plants received either two short pulses (WS1) or a single prolonged drought (WS2). We tracked stem water potential (Ψ stem ) and computed a stress integral (SI), and measured gas exchange, leaf chlorophyll, and chlorophyll a fluorescence (OJIP test) across key time points and after rewatering. Results The first WS1 pulse transiently increased performance index (PI ABS ) and electron‑transport efficiencies (Ψ E0 , ϕ E0 ) by 20–40 % in four cultivars. Photosynthesis declined by –70 to –80 % but recovered within three days of irrigation. ‘Sintonía’ showed early increases in dissipation (ϕ D0 ) and fluxes (ABS/CS 0 , DI 0 /CS 0 ), while maximum quantum yield (ϕ P0 ) remained unchanged across genotype. Sustained WS2, however, reduced PI ABS and ϕ P0 by –18 to –50 %, increased ϕ D0 , ABS/CS 0 and DI 0 /CS 0 by 30–60 % in all except ‘260’, whose OJIP profile remained stable. Photosynthesis dropped near zero but recovered in five genotypes; ‘264’ recovered only 50 %, showing irreversible damage. Chlorophyll content stayed constant, so shifts were pigment‑independent. Discussion Findings support a three-stage resilience model: (i) reversible photoprotective adjustment to short severe drought; (ii) cumulative photochemical damage under sustained deficit; and (iii) genotype-dependent recovery. Conclusion Combining temporal stress integrals with OJIP screening provides a robust pipeline for breeding Mediterranean tomatoes adapted to future drought, advancing knowledge of drought resilience mechanisms.