Heavy metal distribution in soils and plants collected from earthquake-affected regions of Turkey: a comparative assessment of Hypericum perforatum L. and Capsicum annuum L.

Heavy metal concentrations were measured in Hypericum perforatum L. (HP) and Capsicum annuum L. (CA) specimens collected from earthquake-affected (Hatay, Kahramanmaraş, Malatya, Adiyaman, and Gaziantep) and control provinces (Aydin and Manisa) of Turkey to evaluate the effects of seismic disturbance on metal mobilization and plant uptake. Soil and plant samples underwent analysis using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results demonstrated significantly higher concentrations of multiple heavy metals in both soils and plant tissues from earthquake-affected areas compared to control sites, indicating increased metal mobilization and environmental redistribution after seismic events. Nickel concentrations ranged from 16 to 24 mg kg-1in CA fruits and reached up to 48 mg kg-1 in HP samples. Translocation factors suggested moderate transfer from soil to edible tissues. Elevated levels of Ca, Mg, and K in HP leaves imply additional contributions from post-earthquake dust deposition and demolition-derived particulates. Increased concentrations of Cd, Cr, Pb, and Hg were also detected, particularly in industrialized provinces, reflecting the combined influence of seismic disturbance and anthropogenic sources. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA revealed significant differences (p = 0.001) between earthquake-affected and control regions. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that post-earthquake environmental changes (e.g., soil degradation and particle redistribution) can affect the bioavailability and absorption of heavy metals in plants. They also support the need for further research into the potential food safety of edible plant tissues.