Mechanistic Insights into Houttuynia cordata Thunb. as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy Targeting Metabolic Disorders in Preclinical Models.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome comprises insulin resistance, obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia, increasing the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. It is a major contributor to global mortality. Approximately 28-31% of the global adult population is affected, with higher prevalence in women (~ 31%) than men (~ 25.7%). Metformin, pioglitazone, and vitamin E are examples of conventional medications that have demonstrated therapeutic advantages, while some patients may experience side effects. This has led to increasing interest in complementary natural compounds that are being studied for their potential efficacy and safety. Houttuynia cordata (H.C), an edible medicinal plant rich in bioactive compounds, has shown potential to regulate lipid metabolism, improve insulin sensitivity, and support hepatic function. This review therefore, focuses on the current preclinical evidence regarding the mechanistic roles of H.C and its bioactive compounds in ameliorating metabolic syndrome and related metabolic abnormalities. MAIN FINDINGS: H.C contains bioactive compounds such as α-pinene, myrcene, β-caryophyllene, limonene, and linalool, which exhibit therapeutic potential. Studies report its extracts (volatile and non-volatile), flavonoids, and phenolics demonstrate anti-hyperglycaemic effects, improve lipid profiles, reduce hepatic lipid accumulation via AMPK activation, and downregulate lipogenic genes. Although generally considered safe as an edible plant, some evidence suggests potential renal toxicity linked to aristolochic acid. CONCLUSION: H.C and its bioactive phytoconstituents have demonstrated promising potential in ameliorating metabolic syndrome in preclinical studies. However, the current evidence supporting the efficacy of H.C extracts in managing metabolic syndrome remains limited. Therefore, further investigations employing well-designed methodologies are essential. Comprehensive research and clinical evaluations are needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms of H.C, which may facilitate its development into an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of metabolic syndrome.