Forestry 5.0 and the human factor: a critical review of digital technologies in occupational safety and health management

Introduction Despite widespread mechanization, safety improvements in forestry have stagnated. The emerging “Forestry 5.0” paradigm offers a human-centric approach to digital transformation, yet its application in occupational safety and health remains limited. This study critically reviews recent digital advancements to evaluate their potential in shifting safety management from reactive compliance to proactive resilience. Methodology A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Literature published between 2021 and 2025 was retrieved. From an initial screening of 3,328 records, 19 key studies were selected to analyze specific technological interventions and risk dynamics. Results The analysis classifies risks into six dimensions and identifies three core technological clusters: intelligent detection, predictive analytics, and smart protective systems. While these innovations effectively mitigate physical hazards, results indicate the emergence of “insidious risks,” including cognitive overload and reduced situational awareness. Consequently, digitalization may unintentionally displace dangers from the physical to the psychological domain. Discussion Technological advancement alone is insufficient for safety assurance. A “Human-in-the-Loop” framework is proposed, concluding that sustainable occupational safety and health requires integrating digital tools with a robust safety culture. Future implementation must prioritize intuitive human-machine interfaces and integrate digital tools with worker-centered strategies, ensuring technology augments rather than overrides human judgment.