Pathways to net-zero: a Fuzzy DEMATEL–VIKOR framework for prioritizing sustainable energy strategies aligned with the SDGs

Introduction Achieving net-zero emissions requires robust decision-support tools capable of evaluating competing decarbonization strategies under complex and uncertain conditions. Policymakers must balance economic feasibility, technological readiness, environmental impact, and policy constraints when prioritizing sustainable energy pathways. Methods This study develops a hybrid Fuzzy DEMATELVIKOR framework to evaluate and prioritize key decarbonization strategies aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Fuzzy DEMATEL is used to identify causal relationships among decision criteria and derive their relative importance, while the VIKOR method determines compromise rankings among alternative strategies. The analysis is based on expert assessments from a panel of energy, policy, and sustainability specialists. Results indicate that policy feasibility and technological readiness are the primary drivers of energy transition strategies, while economic feasibility and environmental impact are dependent outcomes. Results and Discussion The VIKOR ranking identifies energy efficiency improvements and renewable energy deployment as the most robust near-term strategies, followed by transport electrification. Carbon capture and storage and circular economy measures rank lower due to implementation barriers and higher uncertainty. Sensitivity analysis confirms that the ranking results remain stable under variations in decision parameters and criteria weights. The findings provide policymakers with practical guidance by highlighting priority pathways to accelerate progress toward net-zero energy systems while supporting broader sustainable development objectives.