Pathophysiological and molecular insights into allergic conjunctivitis: an expanding analysis of immunological endotypes

Allergic conjunctivitis (AC) is an ocular surface disease characterized by immune-mediated inflammation that can significantly impair quality of life. This review explores recent advances in understanding the immunological and molecular mechanisms underlying AC, highlighting local and systemic immune responses and their roles in disease pathogenesis and progression. Particular attention is given to the influence of genetic and epigenetic factors, which may contribute to individual susceptibility and variability in clinical presentation. Finally, this review discusses emerging evidence on clinical phenotypes and immunological endotypes in ocular allergy, emphasizing their relevance for the development of targeted, personalized, and precision therapies.