Hussien Abouelhag
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been framed almost exclusively as a bacterial crisis. Yet while the world fixates on multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales, a parallel and equally deadly storm is gathering across the neglected eukaryotic and viral kingdoms. Pan-azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus, artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum, acyclovir-resistant herpesviruses, and terbinafine-resistant Trichophyton dermatophytes are dismantling decades of therapeutic progress with little public or political notice. This review documents the chilling mortality and morbidity attributable to resistant fungi, viruses, and parasites; exposes the agricultural fungicide pipeline as a primary driver of clinical pan-azole resistance; and highlights the near-total absence of novel antiviral and antiparasitic classes. Novel countermeasures including mycovirus therapy, CRISPR-based pathogen inactivation, and host-directed immunomodulation are critically evaluated. The review closes with a call for a "One Health Resistance Treaty" to govern cross-sector antimicrobial use, integrate surveillance across biological kingdoms, and finance the next generation of non-bacterial anti-infectives.