Breathing in harm: current insights into the effects of air pollution on cardiorespiratory health.

Air pollution significantly contributes to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. This review critically examines the mechanisms linking air pollution to higher cardiometabolic risk and cardiovascular death. It examines the impact of air pollution on respiratory health, specifically its role in exacerbating conditions such as heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma. Special attention is given to vulnerable groups, including pregnant individuals, neonates, children, and patients with pre-existing cardiovascular or respiratory conditions, who are particularly susceptible and experience more severe health effects. Emerging evidence regarding the interactions between air pollution and coronavirus disease 2019 is also presented, showing how reductions in pollution levels during pandemic lockdowns were associated with improved cardiopulmonary health. Furthermore, the review discusses international differences in air quality standards and recent updates to exposure limits for air pollutants, as well as their implications for public health. It evaluates various mitigation strategies, including policy interventions, technological solutions, and approaches to reduce risk-based exposure. Lastly, the review emphasizes the need for comprehensive, evidence-based frameworks to minimize exposure and prevent diseases associated with pollution. Strengthening air quality management is essential for reducing the global burden of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.