Sarah Schmalz, Heath Blackmon
BHMRs carry a substantial 21.5% failure rate that increases over time, with medial tears at significantly higher risk than lateral tears. Concomitant ACL reconstruction and tear vascularity did not significantly impact failure odds. High-quality prospective studies are needed to optimise patient selection and long-term counselling.
Recent null models for sex-autosome fusions have often relied on occurrence probability alone. However, evolutionary expectations must account for fixation probability. Under neutrality, fixation probability is inversely proportional to chromosomal population copy numbers, which vary across autosomes, X chromosomes, and Y chromosomes. We extend the original fusion model by weighting each fusion class by its relative neutral fixation probability. This updated model predicts substantially higher proportions of fixed SA-fusions, establishing a more biologically realistic null hypothesis. We provide an updated R function in the R package evobiR and demonstrate its impact by re-evaluating empirical fusion patterns in Drosophila and Habronattus .