Optimized Ethyl Acetate Extraction of Mangifera casturi Leaves: Impact of Temperature and Extraction Time on TPC, TFC, and Antioxidant Activity

Mangifera casturi is an endemic plant from South Kalimantan that has been traditionally used for its medicinal properties. This study aimed to determine the optimal extraction conditions of Mangifera casturi leaves ethyl acetate extract and evaluate its total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity. Extraction was performed using maceration assisted by an ultrasonic water bath at temperatures of 30, 40, and 50°C with extraction times of 30, 60, and 90 minutes. TPC was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, TFC was measured using the AlCl₃ colorimetric method, and antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay. The optimal condition for TPC was achieved at 40°C for 90 minutes, yielding 89.09 ± 12.385 mg GAE/g extract. The optimal condition for TFC was obtained at 40°C for 30 minutes, yielding 86.68 ± 1.987 mg QE/g extract. The optimal antioxidant activity was obtained at 30°C for 90 minutes, with an IC₅₀ value of 63.869 ± 0.431 ppm, indicating strong antioxidant activity. These findings suggest that extraction temperature and time significantly influence the phytochemical content and antioxidant potential of M. casturi leaves ethyl acetate extract, and that this plant represents a promising source of natural antioxidants.