Epidemiological analysis of African swine fever in the European Union during 2025

Abstract During 2025, the number of EU Member States affected by African swine fever (ASF) increased from 13 to 14, following the detection of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in wild boar in Spain. The number of ASF outbreaks in domestic pigs in the EU increased from 333 in 2024 to 585 in 2025, largely driven by Romania, accounting for 81% of outbreaks in 2025. Most outbreaks (91%) occurred in establishments with more than 100 pigs, while 26 outbreaks were reported in establishments with 1000–10,000 pigs, and 11 in establishments with more than 10,000 pigs. As in previous years, ASF outbreaks in domestic pigs showed a summer seasonality. Most outbreaks were detected through passive surveillance based on clinical suspicions (84%). Among outbreaks in farms with more than 1000 pigs (n = 37), 65% (n = 24) were identified via systematic testing of two dead pigs per week. Overall, 518,088 samples from domestic pigs were analysed in the EU in 2025. In wild boar, the number of outbreaks notified in the EU increased from 7677 in 2024 to 11,036 in 2025, marking a change from the relatively stable situation of 2022–2024. Poland and Germany accounted for 31% and 18% of the total, respectively. Similarly to previous years, a winter seasonality in wild boar was observed in several Member States. Overall, 28% of the 44,578 wild boar carcasses tested positive for ASFV by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), representing 71% of wild boar outbreaks notified in the EU. In contrast, 1% of the 531,832 hunted wild boar tested positive by PCR, representing 27% of wild boar outbreaks. Despite the higher number of ASF outbreaks, the average size of the area under restriction in the EU due to outbreaks in domestic pigs increased only slightly in 2025 (+2%), while the average size of the area under restriction due to outbreaks in domestic pigs and in wild boar remained at a similar level as in 2024.