Assessing Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Ecological Environment Quality in the Imphal Valley, Indian Himalayan Region, based on Remote Sensing Ecological Index and GEE

The Imphal valley, a fragile ecosystem within the Indian Himalayan region, is increasingly affected by rapid population growth, urbanisation and unsustainable land-use practices, creating an urgent need for systematic eco-environmental assessment. This study evaluates the spatio-temporal dynamics of eco-environmental quality in the Imphal valley using the Remote Sensing Ecological Index (RSEI). RSEI maps for 1994, 2004, 2014 and 2022 were generated on the Google Earth Engine platform using Landsat TM and OLI/TIRS imagery. Temporal variations in eco-environmental quality were analysed using multiyear RSEI data, while spatial distribution and clustering patterns were examined using Global Moran’s I and Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA). Results indicate a fluctuating trend in mean RSEI values, declining from 0.565 in 1994 to a minimum of 0.486 in 2014, followed by a recovery to 0.557 in 2022. The highest eco-environmental quality was observed in 1994 whereas the lowest occurred in 2014. Global Moran’s I values (0.602–0.779) reveal significant positive spatial autocorrelation indicating strong spatial aggregation. High–high clusters are concentrated in the central and southwestern regions, particularly around Loktak Lake, while low–low clusters dominate the northern and peripheral areas. Overall, the study provides a robust framework for understanding ecoenvironmental changes and supports evidence-based environmental planning and management in the Imphal Valley