Ajay Kumar, Ritesh Raj, Arun Prakash, Uttam Singh, Krish Khandagare, Ravishankar Kumar Yadav, Rathod Mohammad Ayan Ramizraja
The growing demand for sustainable and biocompatible nanomaterials has driven significant interest in green synthesis approaches for nanoparticle production. Green synthesized monometallic and bimetallic nanoparticles have emerged as promising candidates in nanomedicine, particularly for controlled drug delivery systems. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of biological synthesis routes, physicochemical characteristics, and therapeutic applications of these nanoparticles. Green synthesis utilizes plant extracts, microorganisms, and biomolecules as reducing and stabilizing agents, minimizing environmental toxicity and enhancing biocompatibility (jahangirian et al., 2017; singh, 2023). Monometallic nanoparticles offer simplicity and welldefined properties, while bimetallic nanoparticles exhibit synergistic effects that improve drug loading efficiency and targeting capability (morgan, 2024). The paper further explores drug delivery mechanisms, including passive and active targeting, stimuli-responsive release, and pharmacokinetic improvements. Despite advancements, challenges such as scalability, reproducibility, and regulatory approval remain critical barriers. Future perspectives emphasize integration with artificial intelligence and personalized medicine. This review highlights the potential of green nanotechnology in revolutionizing sustainable drug delivery systems.