Three-dimensional visualization systems for laparoscopic surgery training: a peg transfer exercise study.

OBJECTIVE: Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) offers significant benefits, including short-term recovery and few complications. However, surgeons face challenges, particularly with two-dimensional (2D) visualization systems. Recent advancements in three-dimensional (3D) technologies can enhance depth perception and improve the training process. This study compares three 3D visualization systems in laparoscopic peg transfer training: (1) head-mounted displays, (2) passive 3D glasses, and (3) active 3D glasses. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 24 participants performing a peg transfer task under the three 3D systems. Performance metrics included task completion time, number of errors, and subjective ratings of image quality and ergonomics. RESULTS: Participants using active glasses completed the task faster (median = 4.1 min, interquartile range [IQR] = 2.1 min) and with fewer errors (median = 6, IQR = 7) compared to the other systems (p < 0.01). Subjective ratings also favored active glasses for image quality and ergonomics, though there were no significant differences in visual fatigue across the systems. CONCLUSIONS: Active 3D glasses proved to be the most effective system for laparoscopic training in terms of both performance and user satisfaction. Integrating them into MIS training could enhance surgical precision and reduce learning curves.