Cyber-Physical-Transportation System Based Co-Design of Charging Pricing and Frequency Regulation Control for EVs in Multi-Market

With the gradual integration of vehicle-to-grid technology in electric vehicles (EVs), the interaction between transportation and distribution networks has become increasingly critical, intensifying the demand for power grid communication and transforming the power grid into a cyber-physical-transportation system. In response to these challenges, this paper proposes a pricing and control strategy for battery changing stations (BCSs) across multiple markets. Firstly, a Bayesian adaptive spline surface based sensitivity analysis method is employed to quantify the impact of pricing on road congestion rates. In the intraday market, a dynamic pricing strategy, guided by sensitivity analysis, is designed to influence EV traffic flow with minimal price adjustments. This optimizes BCS revenue in energy and reserve capacity markets while alleviating traffic congestion and reducing the communication burden. In the real-time market, a game-based subjective and objective evaluation method is developed to assess the response characteristics of BCSs considering factors such as communication delays, regulation capacity, and market revenue, enabling an equitable allocation of frequency regulation tasks among BCSs. Additionally, this method ensures fair compensation to balance the financial impact of price changes across multiple BCSs. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.