Zsu-Zsu Chen, Michael Y Mi, Jacob Barber, Gaurav Tiwari, Charleen D Adams, Shuliang Deng, Christopher Y Shin, Laurie Farrell, Prashant Rao, Daniel E Cruz, James G Wilson, Magdalena Sevilla-Gonzalez, Yii-Der Ida Chen, Xiuqing Guo, Mark O Goodarzi, Kent D Taylor, Usman A Tahir, Stephen S Rich, Alexis C Wood, Robert E Gerszten, Jerome I Rotter
There is up to a fourfold increase in diabetes biomarkers identified with longitudinal repeated versus single time point proteomic measurements. The increase in biomarkers identified with longitudinal repeated measurements is supported by a similar proportion being nominated as causal for type 2 diabetes with Mendelian randomization. Proteins unique to the longitudinal repeated analyses highlighted biological pathways (e.g., posttranslational protein modification and cellular structure and cycle regulation) that were distinct from pathways enriched among the shared proteins (e.g., small-molecule metabolic and catabolic processes). Longitudinal protein measurements identify additional novel disease biomarkers and disparate biological pathways compared with single measurement analyses.